John Tulloch, a beloved professor at the University of St Andrews, was a moderate
liberal theologian who sought to reconcile the insights of higher criticism of the Bible
with the tenets of Christian orthodoxy. For example, Tulloch had published a critical
essay in response to Ernest Renan, who had read Scripture so reductionistically that he
denied the divinity of Christ and the existence of miracles. In 1876, Tulloch published
six lectures on the doctrine of sin. As well as laying out the basics of both Old and New
Testament perspectives on sin, Tulloch compares the Christian doctrine of sin to the
teachings of other world religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Gnosticism, and
Zoroastrianism. In the final lecture, he addresses some of the major questions about and
criticisms of the doctrine of Original Sin, one of the more complicated and controversial
teachings within Christianity.